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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anaemia is a type of megaloblastic anaemia that develops when the body lacks sufficient vitamin B12 to produce healthy red blood cells. Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and proper nervous system function. Without enough vitamin B12, the bone marrow produces large, immature, and ineffective red blood cells that cannot transport oxygen efficiently throughout the body.

Common causes include poor dietary intake, especially in strict vegetarians or vegans, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease or coeliac disease, gastric surgery, and certain medications that reduce vitamin B12 absorption. Symptoms usually develop gradually and include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, dizziness, breathlessness, memory problems, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, and sore tongue.

Diagnosis involves complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, serum vitamin B12 measurement, methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels, and, when indicated, intrinsic factor antibody testing. Early diagnosis is important because prolonged deficiency can cause irreversible nerve damage.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and typically includes vitamin B12 injections or high-dose oral supplements, along with dietary improvements. With timely treatment, most patients experience significant improvement in blood counts, neurological symptoms, energy levels, and overall health.