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Anaemia disorders are a set of medical illnesses that are marked by a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells or the amount of haemoglobin available to carry oxygen across the body. Reduced oxygen supply can impact many organs, and symptoms include persistent fatigue, weakness, disorientation, pale complexion, shortness of breath, headaches and lowered athletic performance. Anaemia is not an illness in itself but is frequently a symptom of an underlying health problem requiring medical assessment.

There are multiple forms of anaemia. These include iron deficiency anaemia, vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia, folate deficiency anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, sickle cell disease and anaemia related to chronic conditions. It may be due to nutritional inadequacies , blood loss , genetic illnesses , bone marrow diseases , kidney disease , infections , or autoimmune issues .

The diagnosis is often made using a complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, iron studies, vitamin B12 and folate levels, reticulocyte count, and other tests as indicated by the suspected cause. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve improved diet, vitamin or iron supplements, drugs, treatment of chronic conditions, blood transfusions or bone marrow transplantation in selected individuals.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help restore normal blood function, improve quality of life, decrease problems and promote long-term general health and wellbeing.