Meningitis

Meningitis is a medical emergency caused by inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can result from bacterial, viral, fungal, or, less commonly, parasitic infections. Bacterial meningitis is the most severe form and requires immediate treatment, while viral meningitis is often milder and may resolve with supportive care. The infection spreads through respiratory droplets, close personal contact, or contaminated food in certain cases.

Common symptoms include sudden high fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and drowsiness. Infants may show irritability, poor feeding, excessive sleepiness, or a bulging soft spot on the head. Without timely treatment, meningitis can lead to hearing loss, seizures, brain damage, or even death.

Diagnosis involves a physical examination, blood tests, imaging when necessary, and a lumbar puncture to analyse cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on the cause and may include intravenous antibiotics, antiviral medications, antifungal therapy, corticosteroids, and supportive care.

Prevention includes vaccination against meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) infections, maintaining good hygiene, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. Early recognition and prompt medical intervention significantly improve recovery and reduce the risk of serious long-term complications.