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Viral infections are illnesses caused by viruses that invade the body and reproduce inside living cells. They can affect different organs and systems, producing symptoms that range from mild to severe. Common viral infections include influenza, the common cold, measles, chickenpox, dengue, hepatitis, and COVID-19. Symptoms depend on the virus and may include fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhoea, or skin rashes.

Viruses can spread through respiratory droplets, contaminated food or water, direct contact, blood, sexual contact, insect bites, or infected surfaces. Diagnosis may involve clinical assessment, antigen testing, antibody testing, or molecular tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Treatment depends on the specific infection. Many viral illnesses improve naturally with adequate rest, fluids, nutritious food, and symptom management. Certain infections require antiviral medicines to reduce viral activity and complications. Antibiotics are generally ineffective against viruses and should only be used when a bacterial infection is also present.

Prevention plays an important role in controlling viral diseases. Vaccination, regular handwashing, safe food practices, respiratory hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and appropriate vector-control measures can reduce transmission. Early medical evaluation is recommended when symptoms are severe, persistent, or associated with complications.