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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste, excess fluids, and electrolytes from the blood. It can develop slowly and may remain unnoticed during the early stages. Diabetes, high blood pressure, recurrent kidney infections, inherited disorders, and prolonged use of certain medications are common contributing factors.

As kidney function declines, symptoms may include tiredness, swelling around the legs or ankles, changes in urination, nausea, poor appetite, itching, muscle cramps, and difficulty concentrating. Advanced CKD can lead to anaemia, mineral and bone disorders, fluid retention, cardiovascular complications, and eventually kidney failure.

Diagnosis usually involves blood tests to measure creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine tests for protein or albumin, blood pressure assessment, and sometimes imaging studies. Treatment focuses on slowing kidney damage and managing its underlying cause. Controlling blood pressure and blood glucose, following a kidney-friendly diet, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, avoiding smoking, and using prescribed medicines can help protect remaining kidney function.

Regular medical monitoring is important because CKD is often progressive. When kidney function becomes severely reduced, treatments such as dialysis or kidney transplantation may be required. Early detection and consistent care can significantly improve long-term outcomes.