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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), also called acute renal failure, is a sudden reduction in kidney function that develops over hours or days. Healthy kidneys normally remove waste products, regulate fluids, maintain electrolyte balance, and help control blood pressure. When kidney function declines rapidly, these essential processes become impaired.

AKI may occur because of reduced blood flow to the kidneys, direct kidney damage, or blockage of urine flow. Common causes include severe dehydration, blood loss, infections, low blood pressure, certain medications, kidney inflammation, and urinary tract obstruction. People with existing kidney disease, diabetes, heart problems, or advanced age may have a higher risk.

Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause and severity. They may include reduced urine output, swelling in the legs or face, fatigue, nausea, confusion, breathlessness, and changes in blood pressure. Some people may have few noticeable symptoms, making blood and urine testing important.

Diagnosis commonly involves measuring creatinine levels, checking urine, assessing electrolytes, and using imaging when obstruction is suspected. Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying cause, restoring fluid balance, stopping harmful medications when appropriate, and managing complications. Severe AKI may require temporary dialysis. Early recognition and treatment can improve kidney recovery and reduce the risk of long-term kidney problems.