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Acute hepatitis is a sudden inflammation of the liver that develops over a short period, usually lasting less than six months. It can result from viral infections, excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications, toxins, or autoimmune reactions. Common viral causes include hepatitis A, B, and E, while hepatitis C can occasionally present acutely.

Symptoms vary from mild to severe. Many people experience fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, fever, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin or eyes known as jaundice. Some individuals may have no noticeable symptoms and are diagnosed through blood tests.

Diagnosis usually involves liver function tests, viral hepatitis testing, and other investigations to identify the underlying cause. Imaging studies may be recommended to assess liver structure and exclude complications. Treatment depends on the cause. Supportive care, adequate hydration, rest, and avoidance of alcohol and unnecessary medicines are important in many cases. Selected infections or autoimmune hepatitis may require specific antiviral or immune-based treatments.

Most cases resolve completely with appropriate management, but severe acute hepatitis can occasionally cause acute liver failure. Prompt medical assessment is therefore important, particularly when jaundice, confusion, persistent vomiting, or significant bleeding develops. Prevention includes vaccination against hepatitis A and B, safe food and water practices, and avoiding exposure to infected blood or contaminated equipment.