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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the body lacks enough insulin to use glucose effectively for energy. As a result, the body begins breaking down fat, producing acidic substances called ketones. Excessive ketone accumulation causes the blood to become acidic and can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte disturbances.

DKA most commonly affects people with type 1 diabetes but can also occur in individuals with type 2 diabetes, particularly during severe illness or under certain circumstances. Common triggers include infections, missed insulin doses, newly diagnosed diabetes, physical stress, and some medications.

Symptoms may develop rapidly and include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, dry mouth, and fruity-smelling breath. As the condition progresses, confusion, drowsiness, or loss of consciousness may occur.

Diagnosis generally involves blood glucose testing, measurement of ketones, electrolyte assessment, and evaluation of blood acidity. Treatment requires urgent medical care, usually involving intravenous fluids, insulin, electrolyte replacement, and treatment of the underlying trigger. Early recognition and prompt management are essential to prevent complications such as shock, cerebral edema, abnormal heart rhythms, and coma. People with diabetes can reduce their risk by following prescribed insulin therapy, monitoring glucose and ketones during illness, and seeking medical advice when levels remain dangerously high.