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Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic metabolic disorder in which blood glucose levels remain abnormally high because the body does not produce enough insulin, does not use insulin effectively, or both. When this process is impaired, excess glucose accumulates in the bloodstream.

The main types include Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and other less common forms. Type 1 diabetes usually results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic cells, while Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with insulin resistance and factors such as excess weight, physical inactivity, and family history.

Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, persistent hunger, unexplained weight changes, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds. Some people, particularly those with Type 2 diabetes, may have few noticeable symptoms for years.

Diagnosis commonly involves blood glucose testing, fasting glucose measurement, oral glucose tolerance testing, or HbA1c assessment. Management focuses on maintaining healthy glucose levels through balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, weight management, medication, and monitoring. Depending on the type and individual needs, treatment may include insulin or other glucose-lowering medicines.

Good diabetes control can reduce the risk of complications affecting the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels.