Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory condition in which clusters of immune cells, called granulomas, develop in different parts of the body. It most commonly affects the lungs and lymph nodes, but it can also involve the skin, eyes, heart, liver, and nervous system. The exact cause remains unclear, although genetic and environmental factors may contribute to abnormal immune activity.

Symptoms vary depending on the organs involved. People with lung involvement may experience persistent dry cough, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or reduced exercise tolerance. General symptoms can include fatigue, fever, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss. Skin lesions, eye irritation or blurred vision, and swollen lymph nodes may also occur.

Diagnosis usually involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, chest imaging, blood tests, lung function testing, and sometimes a biopsy to confirm granulomas. Other conditions that can cause similar findings must be excluded.

Some people improve without treatment, while others develop persistent or progressive disease. Treatment depends on the severity and organs affected. Corticosteroids are commonly used when significant inflammation threatens organ function. Additional immune-modulating medicines may be considered for long-term management. Regular follow-up helps monitor disease activity and detect complications early.