Malaria

Malaria is a serious infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted mainly through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is common in tropical and subtropical regions, where environmental conditions support mosquito breeding. Several parasite species can infect humans, with Plasmodium falciparum being particularly associated with severe disease.

Symptoms usually develop after an incubation period and may include fever, chills, sweating, headache, muscle aches, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. Some patients experience recurring episodes of fever and chills. If treatment is delayed, malaria can progress to severe complications such as severe anaemia, breathing difficulties, kidney problems, seizures, impaired consciousness, or organ failure.

Diagnosis commonly involves detecting malaria parasites or their antigens in a blood sample using microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests. Treatment depends on the infecting parasite, disease severity, drug resistance patterns, and the patient's individual circumstances. Artemisinin-based combination therapies are widely used for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria.

Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito exposure through insecticide-treated bed nets, protective clothing, mosquito repellents, and appropriate vector-control measures. Travellers to malaria-endemic regions may also require preventive medicines. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for reducing complications and preventing deaths.