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Infectious mononucleosis, often called “mono,” is a contagious illness most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It primarily spreads through saliva, although sharing utensils, drinks, or close personal contact can also contribute to transmission. The infection is particularly common among teenagers and young adults.

Typical symptoms include marked fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, headache, muscle aches, and reduced appetite. Some people develop enlarged tonsils or an enlarged spleen. Liver inflammation may occasionally cause mild jaundice or abnormal liver enzyme levels. Symptoms can vary considerably, and tiredness may continue for several weeks after other symptoms improve.

Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, physical examination, and blood tests. A complete blood count may show increased lymphocytes, while specific antibody testing can help confirm an EBV infection. Treatment is mainly supportive because antibiotics do not treat viral mononucleosis. Adequate rest, fluids, and appropriate medicines for fever or discomfort can help manage symptoms.

Most people recover without complications. However, an enlarged spleen can rarely rupture, making avoidance of contact sports and strenuous physical activity important during recovery. Severe breathing difficulty, intense abdominal pain, or neurological symptoms require urgent medical evaluation. Good hygiene and avoiding shared drinks or utensils can help reduce transmission.