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Immune Thrombocytopenia(ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterised by an abnormally low platelet count. Platelets are essential for blood clotting, so their reduction can increase the risk of bleeding. In ITP, the immune system mistakenly recognises platelets as harmful and accelerates their destruction, particularly in the spleen. In some cases, platelet production in the bone marrow may also be reduced.

ITP can occur in children or adults and may develop suddenly or persist for a prolonged period. Children often develop ITP after a viral infection and may recover spontaneously, whereas adults are more likely to experience persistent or chronic disease. Common symptoms include easy bruising, pinpoint red or purple spots called petechiae, frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums, heavy menstrual bleeding, and prolonged bleeding from minor injuries. Some individuals have no noticeable symptoms and are diagnosed through routine blood testing.

Diagnosis generally involves a complete blood count, blood smear, medical history, and examination to exclude other causes of thrombocytopenia. Treatment depends on platelet levels, bleeding severity, age, and overall health. Observation may be appropriate for mild cases. When treatment is required, corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, or other immune-directed therapies may be used. Persistent ITP may require additional medicines or splenectomy. Regular monitoring helps reduce complications and maintain safe platelet levels.