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Neonatal anaemia is a condition in which a newborn has a lower-than-normal level of red blood cells or haemoglobin. It can develop before birth, during delivery, or after birth and may range from mild to severe. Common causes include blood loss, reduced red blood cell production, and increased destruction of red blood cells. Premature babies are particularly vulnerable because they have shorter red blood cell lifespans and undergo frequent blood sampling in hospital.

Symptoms depend on the severity and may include pale skin, poor feeding, lethargy, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, irritability, or inadequate weight gain. Severe anaemia can reduce oxygen delivery to vital organs and may require urgent treatment.

Diagnosis usually involves a complete blood count, haemoglobin measurement, reticulocyte count, and examination of the baby’s clinical condition. Additional tests may be performed when infection, blood group incompatibility, or inherited blood disorders are suspected.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Mild cases may only require careful monitoring and nutritional support. Significant blood loss or severe anaemia may require a red blood cell transfusion. Treating infections, controlling bleeding, or addressing haemolytic conditions is also important. Early recognition and appropriate management help maintain adequate oxygen delivery and support healthy growth and development.