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Copper deficiency occurs when the body does not receive or absorb enough copper, an essential trace mineral involved in red blood cell production, iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, nervous system function, and immune defence. Although uncommon, it may develop because of inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption disorders, certain gastrointestinal surgeries, or prolonged excessive zinc supplementation.

Symptoms can vary depending on the severity and duration of deficiency. Common features include tiredness, weakness, pale skin, frequent infections, and anaemia. Some individuals may develop low white blood cell counts, while prolonged deficiency can affect the nervous system, causing numbness, tingling, difficulty walking, or impaired coordination. Bone abnormalities may also occur in severe or longstanding cases.

Diagnosis usually involves reviewing symptoms, dietary history, medications, and underlying health conditions, alongside blood tests measuring copper and related markers. Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying cause and restoring adequate copper levels through dietary changes or prescribed copper supplementation. Foods naturally rich in copper include shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, legumes, cocoa, and organ meats.

Early recognition is important because untreated copper deficiency may lead to persistent neurological problems. Medical supervision is recommended, particularly when supplementation is required, as excessive copper can also be harmful.