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It can develop because of inadequate dietary intake, poor absorption, increased nutritional needs, or certain medications. Pregnancy, chronic digestive disorders, excessive alcohol consumption, and some medical conditions may increase the risk.

Common symptoms include persistent tiredness, weakness, pale skin, headaches, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and shortness of breath. A sore or swollen tongue and mouth ulcers may also occur. In more severe cases, folate deficiency can cause megaloblastic anaemia, in which red blood cells become unusually large and ineffective.

Diagnosis generally involves reviewing symptoms, dietary habits, medical history, and blood test results, including folate and blood cell measurements. Treatment usually focuses on correcting the underlying cause and restoring folate levels through dietary improvements or prescribed supplements.

Good dietary sources include leafy green vegetables, beans, peas, lentils, citrus fruits, avocados, fortified cereals, and other fortified grain products. Adequate folate is particularly important before and during pregnancy because it supports healthy fetal development and helps reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
Early recognition and appropriate treatment can restore healthy blood cell production and prevent complications associated with prolonged deficiency.