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Hereditary Elliptocytosis(HE) is an uncommon inherited red blood cell disorder in which red blood cells develop an elliptical or oval shape instead of their normal disc-like appearance. The condition results from genetic changes affecting proteins that maintain the structure and flexibility of the red blood cell membrane. Most cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, although rarer inheritance patterns can occur.

Many people with hereditary elliptocytosis have no symptoms and may discover the condition incidentally during a routine blood test. When symptoms occur, they are usually related to haemolysis, where abnormal red blood cells are broken down prematurely. Common manifestations may include mild to moderate anaemia, fatigue, weakness, jaundice, and an enlarged spleen. Severe haemolytic anaemia is uncommon but can occur in certain individuals.

Diagnosis typically involves a complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, reticulocyte count, and tests that assess red blood cell destruction. Specialized laboratory or genetic testing may be recommended when the diagnosis is uncertain.

Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms. Asymptomatic individuals generally require no specific treatment and can be monitored periodically. Folic acid supplementation may be advised in patients with ongoing haemolysis. In severe cases, blood transfusions or splenectomy may occasionally be considered. With appropriate monitoring, most affected individuals have a normal life expectancy.