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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an inherited blood disorder affecting the red blood cells. G6PD is an enzyme that helps protect red blood cells from oxidative damage. When the enzyme level is low, red blood cells may become vulnerable and break down prematurely, causing a condition called hemolytic anaemia.

Many people with G6PD deficiency have no symptoms until an episode of red blood cell destruction occurs. Common triggers include certain infections, medications, chemicals, and consumption of fava beans. Symptoms may develop suddenly and can include tiredness, pale or yellowish skin, dark urine, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and weakness.

G6PD deficiency is usually inherited through the X chromosome and is more common in certain populations worldwide. Diagnosis generally involves blood tests that measure G6PD enzyme activity, although testing may sometimes need to be repeated after an acute haemolytic episode.

Management focuses on preventing exposure to known triggers and treating complications when they occur. Mild episodes may resolve after the trigger is removed, while severe haemolysis can require medical treatment and, in some cases, blood transfusion. With appropriate awareness and preventive care, most individuals with G6PD deficiency can lead healthy, active lives.