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AL amyloidosis, also known as light-chain amyloidosis, is a rare condition caused by abnormal plasma cells producing misfolded antibody light-chain proteins. These proteins form amyloid deposits that gradually accumulate in tissues and organs, interfering with their normal function. The condition most commonly affects the heart, kidneys, nerves, liver, and gastrointestinal system, although multiple organs may be involved.

Symptoms vary according to the organs affected. Patients may experience persistent fatigue, swelling of the legs, shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, numbness or tingling, dizziness, digestive problems, or changes in urine output. Because these symptoms can resemble other illnesses, diagnosis may sometimes be challenging.

Evaluation usually involves blood and urine tests, imaging studies, assessment of organ function, and tissue biopsy to confirm amyloid deposits. Additional investigations help identify the abnormal plasma-cell population responsible for producing the harmful proteins.

Treatment aims to reduce production of abnormal light chains and protect affected organs. Therapy may include combinations of targeted medicines, chemotherapy, and, in carefully selected patients, autologous stem cell transplantation. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can slow disease progression, improve organ function, and enhance long-term outcomes. Regular medical monitoring remains essential because organ involvement can change over time.