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Multiple Myeloma is a type of blood cancer that develops in plasma cells, specialised white blood cells found in the bone marrow. Normally, plasma cells produce antibodies that help the immune system fight infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably and produce excessive amounts of an abnormal protein called monoclonal immunoglobulin or M protein.

The disease can interfere with normal blood cell production, leading to anaemia, weakness, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. It may also cause bone damage because abnormal plasma cells stimulate processes that weaken bones, resulting in persistent bone pain, fractures, or high calcium levels. Kidney problems can occur when abnormal proteins accumulate and impair kidney function.

Symptoms vary between individuals and may include fatigue, recurrent infections, bone pain, excessive thirst, nausea, weight loss, or reduced kidney function. Some people have no symptoms initially and are diagnosed after routine blood or urine tests.

Diagnosis commonly involves blood and urine tests, bone marrow examination, imaging studies, and specialised tests to identify abnormal plasma cells and proteins. Treatment depends on disease stage, overall health, and individual risk factors. Options may include targeted medicines, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, and stem cell transplantation. Supportive treatments can help protect bones, manage anaemia, prevent infections, and maintain kidney health. Regular monitoring is important because multiple myeloma can often be controlled for prolonged periods with modern treatment.