Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

Myelodysplastic Syndrome(MDS) is a group of disorders in which the bone marrow produces blood cells abnormally and inefficiently. This can result in reduced numbers of healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. MDS mainly affects older adults, although it can occur at other ages. The condition may develop on its own or occur after previous chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or exposure to certain harmful chemicals.

Common symptoms depend on which blood cells are affected. Anaemia may cause tiredness, weakness, pale skin, or shortness of breath. Low white blood cell levels can increase the risk of infections, while reduced platelets may lead to easy bruising, nosebleeds, or prolonged bleeding. Some people have no noticeable symptoms and are diagnosed after routine blood tests.

Diagnosis usually involves a complete blood count, peripheral blood examination, and bone marrow aspiration or biopsy. Genetic and chromosome testing may help determine the specific type and risk level of MDS. Treatment is individualized according to age, overall health, disease risk, and symptoms. Options may include supportive care, blood transfusions, medicines that stimulate blood cell production, targeted therapies, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation in suitable patients. Regular monitoring is important because some forms of MDS can progress to acute myeloid leukaemia.