Neutropenia

Neutropenia is a blood disorder characterised by an abnormally low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that provides essential protection against bacterial and fungal infections. The severity of neutropenia varies, and the risk of infection generally increases as the neutrophil count decreases.

Neutropenia can develop due to several causes, including viral infections, certain medicines, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, autoimmune diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and disorders affecting the bone marrow. Some inherited conditions can also result in recurrent or persistent neutropenia. In certain cases, the underlying cause may not be immediately identified.

Mild neutropenia may produce no noticeable symptoms, while severe cases can lead to frequent or serious infections. Possible signs include fever, sore throat, mouth ulcers, gum infections, skin infections, and recurrent illness. A complete blood count with differential is commonly used to measure neutrophil levels and assess the severity of the condition.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Management may involve treating infections promptly, adjusting medicines that contribute to neutropenia, correcting nutritional deficiencies, or using medications that stimulate white blood cell production. Severe or persistent cases require careful medical evaluation and regular blood-count monitoring to minimise infection-related complications.