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Protein-Energy Malnutrition(PEM) is a condition that occurs when the body does not receive enough protein and calories to meet its daily nutritional needs. It commonly affects infants, children, older adults, and individuals with chronic illnesses, although anyone with prolonged poor nutrition can develop this disorder. PEM ranges from mild undernutrition to severe forms such as marasmus and kwashiorkor, both of which require prompt medical attention.

Common symptoms include significant weight loss, muscle wasting, fatigue, poor appetite, swelling in the legs or abdomen, thinning hair, dry skin, frequent infections, and delayed wound healing. In children, protein-energy malnutrition can lead to stunted growth, delayed physical and mental development, and reduced learning ability.

The condition may result from poverty, food insecurity, eating disorders, digestive diseases that impair nutrient absorption, cancer, chronic infections, or prolonged hospitalization. Diagnosis involves physical examination, dietary assessment, body measurements, and laboratory tests to identify nutritional deficiencies.

Treatment focuses on restoring adequate nutrition through a balanced diet rich in proteins, carbohydrates, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals. Severe cases may require specialized nutritional support, oral supplements, or therapeutic feeding under medical supervision. Early diagnosis, proper dietary counseling, regular monitoring, and addressing underlying medical conditions are essential for recovery and preventing long-term health complications associated with protein-energy malnutrition.