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Vitamin D deficiency is a common nutritional disorder that occurs when the body does not have enough vitamin D to maintain healthy bones, muscles, and immune function. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for strong bones and teeth. Deficiency can develop due to limited sun exposure, inadequate dietary intake, obesity, kidney or liver disorders, certain medications, or conditions that impair nutrient absorption. Older adults, individuals with darker skin, and people who spend little time outdoors are at greater risk.

Symptoms may include fatigue, muscle weakness, bone pain, frequent infections, low mood, and slow wound healing. In children, severe deficiency can lead to rickets, while adults may develop osteomalacia or contribute to osteoporosis, increasing the risk of fractures.

Diagnosis involves measuring blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D through a laboratory test. Treatment generally includes vitamin D supplements, increased exposure to sunlight, and consuming vitamin D-rich foods such as fatty fish, egg yolks, fortified milk, mushrooms, and fortified cereals. Calcium intake is often optimized alongside vitamin D therapy to support bone health.

Early detection and appropriate treatment help restore vitamin D levels, strengthen bones and muscles, improve immunity, and reduce the risk of long-term skeletal and metabolic complications.