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Vitamin B12 deficiency is a nutritional disorder that develops when the body does not receive or absorb enough vitamin B12, an essential nutrient required for healthy nerve function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell production. This condition may result from inadequate dietary intake, poor absorption due to digestive disorders, certain medications, or autoimmune conditions such as pernicious anemia. People following strict vegan diets, older adults, and individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery are at a higher risk.

Common symptoms include persistent fatigue, weakness, pale skin, dizziness, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, memory problems, mood changes, and shortness of breath. If left untreated, prolonged deficiency can cause irreversible nerve damage and neurological complications.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure vitamin B12 levels, complete blood count, and, in some cases, additional tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity of the deficiency and may include oral vitamin B12 supplements, dietary modifications, or intramuscular vitamin B12 injections for individuals with absorption issues.

Maintaining a balanced diet rich in dairy products, eggs, fish, meat, and fortified cereals helps prevent deficiency. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can effectively restore vitamin B12 levels, improve symptoms, and prevent long-term health complications.