Reproductive & Fertility Disorders

Reproductive and fertility disorders encompass a wide range of conditions affecting both men's and women's ability to conceive and maintain healthy pregnancies. Infertility, defined as failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse, affects 8–15% of reproductive-aged couples worldwide.

In women, common causes include ovulatory disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, endometriosis, blocked fallopian tubes, uterine fibroids, and hormonal imbalances involving thyroid or prolactin. PCOS causes irregular periods and enlarged ovaries with cysts, significantly impacting fertility. Endometriosis involves tissue similar to the womb lining growing outside the uterus, causing pain and infertility.

Male infertility often stems from low sperm count, poor sperm quality, low testosterone, or blocked sperm-carrying tubes. Lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, obesity, stress, and environmental pollutants further reduce fertility in both sexes.

Diagnosis involves fertility tests, hormone evaluations, and imaging. Treatment options include ovulation induction, laparoscopic surgery for structural corrections, assisted reproductive technologies like IUI and IVF/ICSI, and lifestyle modifications. Early intervention and multidisciplinary care improve conception chances significantly.