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Barrett's Esophagus is a condition in which the normal lining of the lower esophagus is replaced with tissue similar to the lining of the intestine. This change usually develops after years of chronic acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Although Barrett's Esophagus itself does not cause specific symptoms, most people experience frequent heartburn, regurgitation, chest discomfort, difficulty swallowing, or a persistent sore throat due to underlying acid reflux.

The exact cause is prolonged exposure of the esophagus to stomach acid, which damages the tissue over time. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, male gender, age over 50, hiatal hernia, and a long history of GERD. Barrett's Esophagus is considered a precancerous condition because it slightly increases the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Diagnosis is confirmed through upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy, allowing doctors to examine tissue changes and detect abnormal cells. Treatment focuses on controlling acid reflux with lifestyle modifications, weight management, dietary adjustments, and acid-suppressing medications. In cases with precancerous changes (dysplasia), advanced endoscopic procedures such as radiofrequency ablation or endoscopic mucosal resection may be recommended. Regular surveillance through scheduled endoscopies is essential to monitor progression, detect early cancerous changes, and improve long-term outcomes through timely intervention.