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A hiatal hernia is a condition in which a portion of the stomach pushes upward through the diaphragm, the muscular wall separating the chest from the abdomen. This occurs through a natural opening called the hiatus, where the esophagus passes before connecting to the stomach. Small hiatal hernias may not cause noticeable symptoms, but larger ones can contribute to frequent acid reflux and digestive discomfort.

Common symptoms include persistent heartburn, regurgitation of stomach acid, difficulty swallowing, bloating, belching, chest pain, and a feeling of fullness after eating. Factors such as aging, obesity, pregnancy, chronic coughing, heavy lifting, or increased abdominal pressure can increase the likelihood of developing a hiatal hernia.

Diagnosis typically involves upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, barium swallow X-rays, or esophageal manometry to evaluate the structure and function of the esophagus and stomach. Treatment depends on symptom severity. Mild cases are often managed with lifestyle modifications, including eating smaller meals, avoiding trigger foods, maintaining a healthy weight, and not lying down immediately after eating. Medications that reduce stomach acid, such as proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers, may relieve symptoms. In severe or complicated cases, surgical repair may be recommended to reposition the stomach and strengthen the diaphragm, improving long-term digestive health and quality of life.