Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A chronic digestive condition known as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is brought on by stomach acid or digestive contents that frequently reflux back into the oesophagus. The oesophageal lining is irritated by this acid reflux, which results in symptoms like chronic heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, a sore throat, or a feeling of a lump in the throat. The lower oesophageal sphincter (LES), a muscle valve that ordinarily stops stomach contents from flowing upward, might become weak or malfunction, leading to GERD.
Obesity, smoking, pregnancy, overeating, consuming fatty or spicy meals, coffee, alcohol, and some medications are among the variables that raise the risk of GERD. Untreated GERD can result in oesophagitis, ulcers, oesophageal constriction, or Barrett's oesophagus, a condition that raises the risk of oesophageal cancer.

The diagnosis process may involve clinical assessment, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, oesophageal pH monitoring, or manometry. The main emphasis of treatment is on lifestyle changes, such as controlling weight, eating fewer meals, avoiding late-night snacking, and raising the head while sleeping. Drugs such as proton pump inhibitors, H? receptor blockers, and antacids effectively reduce acid production. Surgery to strengthen the lower oesophageal sphincter may be advised in severe or medication-resistant instances.