Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic cardiovascular condition characterized by the gradual buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances within the walls of arteries. These deposits, known as plaques, cause the arteries to become narrowed, hardened, and less flexible, reducing the efficient flow of oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. The condition can affect arteries supplying the heart, brain, kidneys, legs, and other organs.

The development of atherosclerosis often begins silently over many years without noticeable symptoms. Risk factors include high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, and a family history of cardiovascular disease. As plaques enlarge, they may significantly obstruct blood flow, leading to chest pain (angina), leg pain during walking, or other circulation-related symptoms.

A major concern is plaque rupture, which can trigger blood clot formation. If a clot completely blocks blood flow, it may result in serious complications such as a heart attack, stroke, or peripheral artery disease. Diagnosis may involve blood tests, imaging studies, stress testing, or angiography.

Management focuses on lifestyle modifications, including a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and weight control. Medications and interventional procedures may be recommended to reduce cardiovascular risks and improve long-term health outcomes.