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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a common heart condition that develops when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaque. This process, known as atherosclerosis, reduces blood flow to the heart and can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, and other cardiovascular complications. In severe cases, a complete blockage of a coronary artery can cause a heart attack.

Several risk factors contribute to the development of CAD, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and a family history of heart disease. The condition often progresses gradually over many years and may remain unnoticed until symptoms appear or a cardiac event occurs.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), stress testing, echocardiography, CT coronary angiography, or cardiac catheterization. Treatment focuses on improving blood flow, relieving symptoms, and preventing complications. Lifestyle modifications such as a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and weight management play a crucial role. Medications and interventional procedures like angioplasty with stent placement or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may be recommended depending on disease severity. Early detection and proper management significantly improve long-term heart health and quality of life.