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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, often appearing in childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, the most common form, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough, typically developing in adults but increasingly seen in children.

Metabolic disorders encompass abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism, with diabetes being a leading cause. Chronic high blood sugar damages multiple organ systems, causing microvascular complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, plus macrovascular issues, increasing cardiovascular disease risk by 2–4 times. Diabetes also contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and cardiomyopathies.

Metabolic syndrome clusters high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, excess abdominal fat, and abnormal cholesterol, sharply raising heart disease and stroke risk. Over 830 million people worldwide have diabetes, with most in low- and middle-income countries lacking treatment.

Effective management includes blood glucose control through diet, physical activity, and medication when needed, plus blood pressure and lipid management to reduce cardiovascular risk. Regular screening for eye, kidney, and foot damage enables early intervention, preventing disability and premature death. Type 2 diabetes and its complications can often be prevented through weight management and lifestyle changes.