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Otitis externa is an inflammation of the external auditory canal, which may extend to the pinna or tympanic membrane. Commonly known as “swimmer’s ear,” it frequently occurs after water remains in the ear, creating a warm, moist environment ideal for bacterial or fungal growth. The most common causative organisms are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Typical symptoms include rapid-onset ear pain (often worsened by pulling the outer ear), itching, aural fullness, discharge (otorrhea), and mild hearing loss. Risk factors include swimming, ear canal trauma (e.g., from cotton swabs), high humidity, skin conditions like eczema, diabetes, and immunocompromise.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on ear pain, tenderness over the tragus or pinna, and signs of canal inflammation such as erythema and swelling. Treatment involves gentle ear cleaning and topical anti-infective agents, often antibiotic or antifungal ear drops, sometimes combined with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Oral antibiotics are reserved for severe cases, diabetes, or immunocompromised patients. Pain relief may include acetaminophen or NSAIDs.

Prevention focuses on keeping ears dry, avoiding ear canal manipulation, and using acidifying drops after water exposure. Necrotizing (malignant) otitis externa is a rare but serious complication requiring urgent medical care.