Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Bicuspid aortic valve disease affects 1-2% of the population, occurring when the aortic valve forms with two cusps during fetal development rather than the normal three. This structural anomaly disrupts efficient blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, potentially leading to valve degeneration over decades. More prevalent in men (twice as likely), it has a genetic component, with 10-30% familial prevalence.

Complications
BAV predisposes patients to aortic stenosis (narrowing), regurgitation (leakage), and thoracic aorta dilation or aneurysm. Symptoms like chest pain, breathlessness, dizziness, or fatigue typically emerge in middle age, around 40-60 years. Associated risks include coarctation of the aorta and early heart strain.

This illustration contrasts a normal tricuspid valve with the bicuspid form, highlighting improper leaflet fusion.

Diagnosis and Management

Echocardiography confirms BAV by visualizing valve function and blood flow. Surveillance via regular imaging is standard for asymptomatic cases. Treatments include medications for symptoms, with valve repair or replacement surgery (often minimally invasive) needed for severe dysfunction; average intervention age is about 60.