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Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are a group of structural defects in the heart that develop during fetal growth. These conditions alter the normal flow of blood through the heart and can range from minor issues, such as small holes in the heart, to complex malformations requiring surgical intervention. CHDs are among the most common birth defects worldwide, affecting millions of newborns each year.

The causes of CHDs are multifactorial, often involving genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, or environmental influences during pregnancy. Some risk factors include maternal diabetes, infections during pregnancy, or exposure to harmful substances. Symptoms vary depending on severity, but may include rapid breathing, poor weight gain, bluish skin, or fatigue.

Diagnosis is typically achieved through echocardiography, electrocardiograms, or advanced imaging techniques. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the defect, ranging from medications to catheter-based procedures and open-heart surgery. Advances in medical care have significantly improved survival rates, allowing many individuals with CHDs to live healthy, productive lives.

Ongoing follow-up is essential, as some patients may face complications later in life, such as arrhythmias or heart failure. Early detection and comprehensive care remain the cornerstone of managing congenital heart diseases.