Bradycardia

Bradycardia is an unusually slow heart rhythm, usually defined as less than 60 beats per minute at rest in adults, though rates below 50 bpm frequently indicate a problem. Atrioventricular block, sinus node dysfunction, or extrinsic factors such as drugs, hypothyroidism, or physical conditioning can all cause this arrhythmia. While pathologic forms of bradycardia require care, particularly in the elderly or those with comorbidities, physiologic bradycardia happens during sleep in healthy individuals.

Fatigue, lightheadedness, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, syncope, and disorientation due to inadequate organ perfusion are typical symptoms. Heart failure, hypotension, or abrupt cardiac arrest are possible outcomes of severe cases. Holter monitoring, an ECG to assess rhythm, and blood tests to find treatable factors such as medications or electrolyte imbalances are all part of the diagnosis process.

The aetiology and symptoms determine the course of treatment. While asymptomatic cases might not require treatment, symptomatic bradycardia necessitates treating underlying problems, such as medication modifications, atropine for acute bouts, or pacemakers for persistent sinus node dysfunction. Recurrence can be avoided with lifestyle changes, including exercise and avoiding stressors. Because untreated bradycardia can result in potentially fatal consequences, early detection through routine check-ups is crucial.