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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects found in newborns. It occurs when there is an opening in the septum, the wall separating the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. This hole allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle, increasing blood flow to the lungs and making the heart work harder than normal.

Small VSDs may cause no symptoms and can close naturally during childhood, while larger defects may lead to rapid breathing, poor feeding, delayed growth, fatigue, or recurrent respiratory infections. If untreated, serious complications such as pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, or valve damage may develop.

Diagnosis commonly involves physical examination, echocardiography, chest X-rays, and electrocardiograms. Treatment depends on the defect’s size and impact, ranging from regular monitoring to medications or surgical repair. Advances in pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery have greatly improved outcomes, allowing most children with VSD to lead healthy, active lives with proper medical care and long-term follow-up.