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Unstable angina is a serious heart condition caused by a sudden reduction in blood flow to the heart muscles. It usually occurs when fatty deposits in the coronary arteries rupture and form a blood clot, partially blocking circulation. Unlike stable angina, the chest pain in unstable angina is unpredictable and may occur even during rest or minimal physical activity. The discomfort often feels like pressure, heaviness, squeezing, or burning in the chest and may spread to the arms, neck, jaw, shoulders, or back.

Other symptoms can include shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Since unstable angina may signal an impending heart attack, it is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate evaluation and treatment. Risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, stress, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Diagnosis commonly involves electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, stress testing, and coronary angiography. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and preventing complications through medications such as blood thinners, nitrates, beta-blockers, and cholesterol-lowering drugs. In severe cases, angioplasty or bypass surgery may be necessary. Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and avoiding tobacco significantly reduces the risk of unstable angina and related cardiovascular complications.