Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a type of chronic cardiovascular disease in which the walls of arteries become narrowed and hardened due to the buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, called 'plaques'. These plaques slowly constrict and stiffen the arteries, making it impossible for oxygen-rich blood to flow easily to essential organs such as the heart, brain, kidneys, and legs. It might take years for the illness to develop without symptoms until blood flow is severely restricted or a plaque ruptures abruptly.

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, poor diet, stress, and a family history of heart disease. As the disease continues, it can cause serious complications, such as coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, peripheral artery disease, or kidney problems.

Symptoms differ depending on which arteries are involved. Later stages may include chest pain, loss of breath, leg pain while walking, numbness, or sudden weakness. Usually, diagnosis comprises blood tests, ECG, angiography, ultrasound, CT scans, and cholesterol evaluation.

The treatment is aimed at lifestyle changes—healthy eating, frequent exercise, quitting smoking, and weight management. You may also be given medicine to control cholesterol, blood pressure, and coagulation. In severe circumstances, angioplasty or bypass surgery may be required to restore blood circulation.