Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum that separates the heart’s two upper chambers (atria). This opening allows oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right atrium, leading to increased blood flow to the lungs. Over time, this can strain the heart and pulmonary circulation.

ASD may vary in size and type, including ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus defects. Small ASDs may remain asymptomatic and close spontaneously during childhood, while larger defects can cause symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, frequent respiratory infections, and palpitations, especially during adulthood.

If left untreated, significant ASD can lead to complications like pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, or arrhythmias. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG), and sometimes cardiac MRI.

Small ASDs may only require monitoring, while larger ones may need closure through catheter-based procedures or open-heart surgery. Early diagnosis and timely intervention significantly improve long-term outcomes and quality of life.