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Congenital valve abnormalities are structural defects of the heart valves present at birth, affecting normal blood flow through the cardiac chambers. These anomalies most commonly involve the aortic, pulmonary, mitral, or tricuspid valves and may manifest as stenosis (narrowing), regurgitation (leakage), or complete absence or malformation of valve leaflets. The severity ranges from mild dysfunction to life-threatening conditions requiring early intervention.

One of the most recognized forms is the Bicuspid Aortic Valve, where the aortic valve has two cusps instead of the normal three, predisposing patients to stenosis or regurgitation over time. Other examples include pulmonary valve stenosis and Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve. These defects can disrupt normal hemodynamics, leading to increased cardiac workload and compensatory changes such as ventricular hypertrophy.

Clinical presentation varies with severity and age, ranging from asymptomatic murmurs to cyanosis, fatigue, breathlessness, or heart failure in severe cases. Diagnosis typically involves echocardiography, which provides a detailed anatomical and functional assessment of the valves. Advanced imaging like cardiac MRI or CT may be used in complex cases.

Management depends on the specific defect and severity, including medical monitoring, catheter-based interventions, or surgical valve repair or replacement. Early diagnosis ensures better long-term cardiac outcomes and quality of life.