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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a long-term heart disease that happens when atherosclerotic plaques build up and obstruct or constrict coronary arteries. Cholesterol, fat deposits, calcium, and inflammatory cells make up these plaques, which slowly block blood flow to the heart muscle. When there isn't enough oxygen, individuals may have symptoms like chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, exhaustion, or even silent ischaemia in the early stages.

CAD slowly gets worse over the years and is closely linked to things that can be changed, like smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, being overweight, not exercising, and eating poorly. Age, gender, and genetic inclination are some of the non-modifiable characteristics that play a big role as well. CAD can cause serious problems like heart attacks, arrhythmias, or heart failure if it is not treated.
Diagnosis usually includes a physical exam, an electrocardiogram (ECG), a stress test, and imaging tests like coronary angiography. Management emphasises lifestyle adjustment, pharmaceutical interventions (statins, antiplatelets, and beta-blockers), and, in advanced instances, revascularisation techniques such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Early identification and preventive measures are essential in mitigating morbidity and death linked to coronary artery disease (CAD).