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Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart present at birth that affect its normal function. These defects occur during fetal development when the heart or blood vessels do not form correctly. CHDs can range from simple conditions, such as small holes between heart chambers, to complex abnormalities involving multiple defects and impaired blood circulation.

Common types include septal defects (holes in the heart walls), valve abnormalities, and defects affecting major blood vessels. These conditions may disrupt the flow of oxygen-rich blood, leading to reduced oxygen supply to the body. Symptoms vary depending on severity and may include rapid breathing, fatigue, poor feeding in infants, bluish skin (cyanosis), and delayed growth.

The exact causes are often unknown but may involve genetic factors, maternal infections, poor nutrition, or exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy. Early diagnosis is crucial and is typically achieved through prenatal ultrasound, echocardiography, or physical examination after birth.

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect. Mild cases may require monitoring, while severe conditions often need medications, catheter-based procedures, or open-heart surgery. With advancements in medical care, many individuals with CHDs can lead healthy and productive lives with proper management and follow-up.