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Pleural mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive cancer that develops in the pleura, the thin membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The disease is most strongly associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos fibers, which may be inhaled and remain dormant in the body for decades before symptoms appear. Due to its long latency period, pleural mesothelioma is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Early symptoms are usually nonspecific and may include chest pain, persistent cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. As the disease progresses, pleural effusion, thickening of the pleura, and restricted lung expansion can significantly impair breathing. Diagnosis requires a combination of imaging studies such as chest X-ray, CT scan, and MRI, along with histopathological confirmation through biopsy.

Management of pleural mesothelioma involves a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment options may include surgery to remove affected tissue, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and newer immunotherapy-based regimens. While cure is uncommon, advances in treatment have improved symptom control and survival outcomes. Early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and comprehensive supportive care are critical to enhancing quality of life and extending survival for patients with pleural mesothelioma.