Nasal And Sinus Tumors

These tumors originate from epithelial, mesenchymal, or neuroectodermal tissues in the sinonasal tract, representing under 1% of all cancers. The WHO 5th edition classifies them into categories like sinonasal papillomas, carcinomas, and sarcomas, emphasizing molecular markers such as SMARCB1 or NUT alterations. Common sites include the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, with squamous cell carcinoma being most frequent.?

Types and Classification

Key types encompass keratinizing/non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, intestinal-type adenocarcinoma linked to wood dust exposure, and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Rare entities include biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma, NUT carcinoma, and olfactory neuroblastoma. Mesenchymal tumors like sinonasal glomangiopericytoma also occur. The 2022 WHO update integrates genetic data for precise diagnosis.?

Risk Factors

Occupational exposures to wood dust, leather, or formaldehyde elevate risks, alongside smoking and EBV in certain subtypes. Men predominate, with peak incidence in ages 50-70.?

Symptoms and Treatment

Early signs feature unilateral nasal blockage, bloody discharge, or facial pain; advanced cases show orbital invasion or proptosis. Multimodal therapy involves endoscopic surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, with prognosis varying by stage and histology,