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Kidney cancer is a malignancy that originates in the kidneys, organs responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. The most common type in adults is renal cell carcinoma, while children are more likely to develop Wilms tumor. Kidney cancer is often detected incidentally during imaging performed for unrelated conditions, as early stages may not produce noticeable symptoms.

Several risk factors are associated with kidney cancer, including smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, long-term dialysis, genetic predisposition, and occupational exposure to certain chemicals. When symptoms do occur, they may include blood in the urine, persistent pain in the side or lower back, a palpable abdominal mass, fatigue, fever, unexplained weight loss, or anemia.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, along with laboratory tests and, in selected cases, biopsy. Treatment depends on tumor size, stage, and overall patient health. Surgical removal of part or all of the affected kidney remains the primary treatment for localized disease. Advanced kidney cancer may require targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or combination systemic treatments.

Advancements in minimally invasive surgical techniques and modern systemic therapies have significantly improved outcomes for kidney cancer patients. Early diagnosis, personalized treatment planning, and regular follow-up are essential for optimizing survival and preserving kidney function.