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 Bladder cancer is a malignancy that starts in the inner lining of the bladder, most commonly as urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma. It is more frequent in older adults, with major risk factors including smoking, exposure to industrial chemicals, and chronic bladder irritation or infection. Common symptoms are painless blood in the urine, frequent urination, urgency, and burning while passing urine, although early disease may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis typically involves urine tests, cystoscopy, and biopsy to determine the cancer type, grade, and stage. Treatment depends on whether the cancer is non–muscle-invasive or muscle-invasive, and may include transurethral resection, intravesical therapy (such as BCG), systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, or radical cystectomy.

Early-stage tumors can often be controlled with endoscopic surgery and intravesical agents, but high-grade or muscle-invasive disease carries a higher risk of progression and requires more aggressive management. Regular follow?up with cystoscopy is essential because bladder cancer has a high recurrence rate, even after successful initial treatment.?