Colon & Rectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer arises when cells in the colon or rectum grow uncontrollably, typically progressing from benign polyps via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence involving Wnt pathway mutations. It is the third most diagnosed cancer globally, with higher incidence after age 50, influenced by diet, smoking, and family history. In 2025, about 154,270 new U.S. cases are projected, though screening reduces mortality.

Risk Factors

Key risks encompass age over 50, inflammatory bowel disease, polyps, obesity, low-fiber diets, and genetic syndromes like Lynch. Family history doubles risk, while lifestyle factors like alcohol and red meat intake contribute significantly.
Diagnosis and Treatment

Screening via colonoscopy detects and removes polyps, preventing progression. Treatments feature surgery for localized tumors, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cases, and chemotherapy/targeted therapy for advanced stages, yielding 90% five-year survival for early detection. Recurrence risks vary: 5-33% post-surgery by stage.