Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer forms in the esophagus lining, the tube connecting throat to stomach, often progressing silently until advanced. Two main types—squamous cell and adenocarcinoma—arise from risk factors like smoking and reflux.?

Main Types

Squamous cell carcinoma occurs in the upper esophagus, linked to alcohol and tobacco use, prevalent in Asia. Adenocarcinoma dominates the lower esophagus, tied to Barrett's esophagus from chronic acid reflux. Both spread rapidly to lymph nodes and distant organs like liver or lungs.?

Symptoms and Risks

Early signs are subtle, but progression brings dysphagia starting with solids, then liquids, plus hoarseness, chronic cough, and unintended weight loss. Major risks encompass age over 55, male gender, heavy drinking, obesity, and HPV infection in some cases. Persistent heartburn unresponsive to treatment signals urgency.?

Diagnosis and Treatment

Endoscopy with biopsy confirms diagnosis, followed by CT/PET scans for staging. Options include surgery like esophagectomy, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy; survival improves with early intervention.