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Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are a collection of heterogeneous bone marrow illnesses characterised by the production of poorly formed or defective blood cells. These syndromes mostly happen to older people, but they can happen to anyone. In MDS, the stem cells in the bone marrow don't grow up properly, which means there aren't enough of one or more types of blood cells, like red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Common symptoms of anaemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia are tiredness, becoming sick often, and bruising or bleeding easily.

People don't always know what causes MDS, but some things that make it more likely to happen are having chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the past, being around specific chemicals, and having a family history of the disease. To determine chromosomal anomalies, doctors use blood tests, look at the bone marrow, and do cytogenetic analysis. MDS can be mild, with few symptoms, or severe, and it can even turn into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).

Treatment depends on the patient's age, health, and the severity of their condition. Possible treatments include supportive care, including blood transfusions, growth factor therapy, drugs such as hypomethylating agents, and in certain circumstances, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which could lead to a cure. Researchers are still looking into personalised treatments that could help people with MDS live longer and better lives.